〜つ: Counting Everything and Anything When you don't know what counter to use...

The Japanese counter 〜つ is probably the most useful counter you can learn. It just counts… "things." And when we say "things," we really mean it: it can count literally anything. That's pretty broad, though, so let's break it down into various categories.

• Pronunciation of Japanese Counter 〜つ
• Three-Dimensional Things
• Things Without a Definite Shape
• Number of Orders
  • Abstract Things
• Substitution for Other Counters
  • Ages: 1–9
  • Idioms

Prerequisite: If you're completely new to Japanese counters, we recommend you learn the basics first. Make sure you know how to read hiragana and katakana. We'll mention the "kango/wago/gairaigo counting method," and you can learn about all three of these Japanese numbering systems in our Counting in Japanese article. Knowing the kanji for numbers will help, too. In our example sentences and explanations, we equally use Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3) and Japanese kanji (一, 二, 三), since both are quite common in Japanese.

Pronunciation of Japanese Counter 〜つ

First, though, let's go over the pronunciation for counting with 〜つ. For the numbers one through ten, 〜つ uses the wago counting method, which means you'll have to memorize them.

	Numeral	Japanese	Reading 1
	1	一つ	ひとつ
	2	二つ	ふたつ
	3	三つ	みっつ
	4	四つ	よっつ
	5	五つ	いつつ
	6	六つ	むっつ
	7	七つ	ななつ
	8	八つ	やっつ
	9	九つ	ここのつ
	10	十	とお
	11	十一/十一個	じゅういち/じゅういっこ
	12	十二/十二個	じゅうに/じゅうにこ
	100	百/百個	ひゃく/ひゃっこ
	1,000	千/千個	せん/せんこ
	10,000	一万/一万個	いちまん/いちまんこ
	How many	いくつ	いくつ

Make sure to memorize all these at some point—they're important and very useful!

Whether you've memorized them or not, let's move on to the categories of things that 〜つ counts.

Three-Dimensional Things

Anything with a three-dimensional shape—almost any object that exists in the world—can be counted using 〜つ. Oranges, apples, eggs, glasses, cups, keys, cushions, beds, TVs, etc.—even flat pieces of paper technically have a 3D shape to them.

Things Without a Definite Shape

But what about things that aren't really three-dimensional? You can count those using 〜つ too. Examples of "things without a definite shape" include shadows, stains, dust, sound waves, and more.

Number of Orders

When you place an order for something—a product, a meal, etc.—you can count it with 〜つ. This is especially helpful for restaurants, where you can simply point to an item on the menu and use 「一つ」!

Abstract Things

Not only can you count "real" things, you can also count abstract things. Things like ideas, thoughts, reasons, opinions, questions, truths, happiness, difficulties, seasons, and so on. Does it make sense now when we said earlier that 〜つ can be used to count just about anything?

Substitution for Other Counters

As a new Japanese speaker, you may not be familiar with one of the many Japanese counters that exist. Or perhaps the correct counter for something is very uncommon—so uncommon, in fact, that other people might not know the counter even if you used it correctly. Traditional Japanese wardrobes, for example, are counted using 棹 (さお), yet this counter is archaic and uncommon. Instead, people use 〜つ or 個 (こ).

The Japanese counter 〜つ is probably the most useful counter you can learn.

Another good use for 〜つ is as a replacement for a more specific counter when the situation is ambiguous. Take stickers, for example. They're everywhere in Japan. Normally, you would count individual stickers using 枚—the Japanese counter for flat things. Makes sense, right? Yet when the same stickers are part of a whole sheet of stickers, it's more common to count them with 〜つ, since they are part of a larger whole. But it's not necessarily wrong to use 枚 or 〜つ for either stickers or sticker sheets. It depends on the person and how they want to classify what they're talking about.

Ages: 1–9

Finally, here's a way to use 〜つ that's more specific. When counting a child's age, you can use the 〜つ counter. (Although from ten years onward, you'll need to remember to use the kango counting method plus 歳 さい.)

One other thing to note about using 〜つ for a person's age: you can use it to talk about age differences as well, no matter how old or young the people you're referring to are.

Idioms

Finally finally, some idioms use 一つ, and you can't substitute 一つ for 個 or any other counter due to these being set phrases. Here are some examples:

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As you can see, you really can use 〜つ to count pretty much anything. Forgotten a more specific counter? Use 〜つ. Feeling lazy? Use 〜つ. Just want to use 〜つ? Use 〜つ!

That being said, there's no substitute for learning more counters, and it's always better to use a specific counter when you're able to, especially when it comes to the most common ones. Native Japanese speakers use the other counters quite often, so you're going to have to learn them eventually.

And to help you do that, we've put together an article on the basics of Japanese counters, so you can get a good foundation before you start studying all the counters there are, which we've organized into a study list for your convenience. From there, you can check out all the counters we've written about in-depth—articles like 本, 匹, and 頭. It's a lot to learn, but a little counters study goes a long way toward making you speak, read, and listen more fluently. Happy counting!